盖尔迪-
基亚里佐夫
G盖尔迪-基亚里佐夫 （1951 年出生于土库曼苏维埃社会主义共和国）是国际知名的阿哈尔捷克马饲养者，曾任土库曼斯坦政府（土库曼阿特拉里政府协会）马务部长[1][2]。
2002 年，Kyarizov 被萨帕尔穆拉特-尼亚佐夫政府逮捕，罪名包括滥用职权和玩忽职守；国际社会认为这一审判毫无根据，且出于政治动机。2007 年获释后，Kyarizov 于 2015 年离开土库曼斯坦，目前流亡在捷克共和国的布拉格。[4][5][6]
2024 年，在与土库曼斯坦进行了多年的法律斗争之后，联合国人权事务委员会于 2024 年 7 月发布了一项具有里程碑意义的决定，承认土库曼斯坦国家严重侵犯了他的权利[7][8][9][15][21]。
作为阿哈尔捷克族的长期支持者，Kyarizov 在 1991 年苏联解体和土库曼斯坦独立后，为重振他们的命运发挥了重要作用。时任土库曼斯坦总统萨帕尔穆拉特-尼亚佐夫（Saparmurat Niyazov）认可了Kyarizov的作用，并邀请他加入自己的政府，担任马部长（1997-2002 年）；随后改组为土库曼斯坦阿特拉里国家机构[01][04]。
Kyarizov 的任务是利用 DNA 分析建立阿哈尔捷克种马库，他发现纯血马的血统已被引入阿哈尔捷克马种，尤其是用于赛马目的。Kyarizov将这一信息公之于众的决定被视为对从杂交中获利的养马机构的威胁，导致他与尼亚佐夫政府失和[12]。
2002 年 1 月，Kyarizov 被国家安全部（MNS）逮捕。2002 年 4 月，Kyarizov 被判处六年监禁。2006 年 8 月，Kyarizov 被转移到一所管理严格的监狱（Owadan-depe）。Kyarizov 就其被非法监禁和转移提出的申诉没有得到答复。监狱长告诉 Kyarizov，他无权申诉，也没有名字和姓氏，从那时起，他就被称为 “3 号”。2007 年，尼亚佐夫的继任者库尔班古力-别尔德穆哈梅多夫释放了 Kyarizov。
获释后，Kyarizov 和他的家人一直受到监视，他的电话被窃听，信件被检查。Kyarizov 的财产被没收，他的马匹被运往总统马场。Kyarizov 被禁止离开土库曼斯坦[16]，并被马匹饲养界拒之门外，在随后的几年里，他一直在与土库曼斯坦政府争夺归还财产的权利。
获释后，Kyarizov 的健康状况仍然非常糟糕，需要紧急专科治疗，但却被禁止出国。2015 年 9 月 14 日，他终于获准旅行，但他的女儿索菲亚和弟媳却被拒绝离境。迫于国际压力，当局在六天后松口，2015 年 9 月 20 日，他的女儿和嫂子与家人在莫斯科团聚[19][20]。
Kyarizov及其家人分别于2015年和2016年4月迁往俄罗斯联邦和捷克共和国，并在那里获得了难民身份。
2015 年，Kyarizov 被授予英国皇家地理学会院士称号，并成为位于瑞士苏黎世的国际马术探险家协会 Long Riders’ Guild 的成员[25]。
2017 年，Kyarizov、妻子 Yulia Serebryannik 和弟媳 Diana Serebryannik 成立了 “土库曼斯坦公民的权利与自由“组织。该中心的目标是实现土库曼斯坦公民的权利和自由。土库曼斯坦技术中心是欧洲和中亚社会影响创新者地区加速计划Boost 的成员。Boost 是联合国开发计划署的一个项目。
2024 年 7 月 9 日，联合国人权委员会发布了关于 “Geldy Kyarizov 诉土库曼斯坦”（CCPR/C/141/D/3097/2018）的决定。Kyarizov 的人权遭到严重侵犯，包括非法拘留、酷刑和没收财产。经过彻底审查，委员会得出结论，土库曼斯坦有义务对 Kyarizov 进行全额赔偿。Kyarizov 获得了 70 亿美元的赔偿。土库曼斯坦尚未作出赔偿。
下载联合国人权委员会决定：
Geldy Kyarizov 诉土库曼斯坦国（2024年7月9日）
A阿什哈巴德至莫斯科
1988 年，Kyarizov 骑着 Akhal-Teke 从阿什哈巴德到莫斯科，在两个月内骑行了 4000 多公里（包括 370 公里干旱的卡拉库姆沙漠），比 1935 年创下的前纪录少用了 24 天。
Yanardag
Yanardag（土库曼语：Ýanardag/Янардаг “火山”）是一匹阿哈尔捷克种马，1991 年在 Kyarizov 的种马场受胎，这一年土库曼斯坦脱离苏联独立。Yanardag 位于土库曼斯坦国徽的中央。1999 年，Yanardag 被命名为世界冠军 Akhal-Teke，随后被 Saparmurat Niyazov 收购。[6][14]2013 年 10 月，土库曼斯坦宣布打算为 Niyazov 的爱马建造一座纪念碑。亚纳达格的金色纪念碑于 2014 年在阿什哈巴德揭幕。[23][24]
阿卡-特克（Akhal-Teke）和线粒体基因组.
2024 年 6 月，通过多学科数字出版研究所（瑞士）和美国国家生物技术信息中心（美国）发表的研究报告支持了之前的研究，这些研究表明人类的家谱可能可以追溯到 3000 年前。
该研究分析了石虎窑墓葬（北纬44.09°，东经86.05°）出土的马匹遗骸的DNA。这些马的历史可追溯到中国新疆的汉唐时期（距今约2200至1100年）。我们获得了两个高质量的线粒体基因组，并利用新一代测序技术对其进行了分析。
根据原始马单倍型 G1，观察到唐代马与阿哈尔-特克马之间存在密切的遗传亲缘关系。历史证据表明，古丝绸之路对它们的传播起到了至关重要的作用。此外，研究人员还查阅了阿哈尔捷克马的母系历史，发现该品种的早期驯化是出于军事目的。
这项研究首次确定了中国古马中阿哈尔-特克人的原始核苷酸位置。研究还发现了阿哈尔捷克马母系可能的扩散路线，丝绸之路沿线广泛的贸易和文化交流史也为这一发现提供了佐证。这表明，在这一特定的历史背景下，对军用马匹的需求对阿哈尔捷克马的早期驯化起到了重要作用。
附加信息：
伊朗土库曼人的血清生物化学（2005 年）|种群的遗传多样性（2016 年）|裸驹综合症（2017 年）|遗传特征（2019 年）|Akhal-Teke 基金会（2020 年）|阿拉伯马的基因组多样性（2020 年）|性别和遗传背景（2013 年）|Akhal-Teke 的起源（2023 年）|肌球蛋白重链模式（2010 年）|意大利的遗传变异（2018 年）| MAAK|对现代马种的贡献
芬兰大使的鹦鹉.
1993 年，尼亚佐夫向时任英国首相约翰-梅杰赠送了一只名为 “马克萨特 “的阿哈尔捷凯鹦鹉。莫斯科大使馆的一名英国外交官被派去安排检疫。在耽搁了许多小时后，这位外交官代表 “在火车车厢里站了四天半 “的 “可怜的土库曼马 “向接待员求情，得到的答复是……“芬兰大使的鹦鹉的悲惨故事”，而这只鹦鹉的命运从未被披露。
00.”格尔迪-卡里佐夫”。长骑手公会》。无日期。
01.”饥饿折磨》。自由欧洲电台。 2015 年 12 月 5 日。
1. “土库曼斯坦：更多信息”。大赦国际。 28 January 2014.
2. “Geldy Kyarizov” (PDF).大赦国际。21 February 2007.
3. “公民权利和政治权利国际公约》（PDF）。 联合国。2024 年 9 月 23 日。
4. a b “在颤抖的弹簧上快速迈步”。国家报》。31 2024 年 10 月 31 日。
5. “土库曼斯坦侵犯人权的情况”。欧洲议会。 18 January 2007.
6. a b “Five months in the secret Ovadan Depe prison” (PDF).证明他们还活着》。2015 年 10 月 8 日。
7. “Geldy Kyarizov 诉土库曼斯坦》。公民权利和政治权利中心。 公民权利和政治权利中心。2024 年 7 月 9 日。
8.”联合国具有里程碑意义的决定”。Justice pour Tous.Internationale.国际正义》，2024 年 3 月 17 日。
9. “委员会根据第 5(4)条通过的意见”。联合国。 联合国。2024 年 9 月 23 日。
10. “阿哈尔捷克沙漠金马》 .亚马逊。17 January 2015.
11. “神马与政治不公》 .长骑士 公会。2011 年 2 月 8 日。
a b “土库曼斯坦扣押 14 岁人质” .外交官》。 2015 年 9 月。
13. Suttle, Gill (2012).黑沙与天马：土耳其斯坦上空的足迹》。Scimitar Press. pp.44-47.ISBN978-0953453627。
14.”土库曼斯坦：14. “土库曼斯坦：传奇之马期待卷土重来” .Radio Free Europe.2006 年 9 月 26 日。
15. “土库曼斯坦”。人权观察。12 January 2025.
16.”土库曼斯坦”。美国国务院。13 April 2016.
17.”文件披露土库曼斯坦赠送给约翰-梅杰的马的传奇故事》。卫报》。28 December 2018.
18.”约翰-梅杰的礼物马》。英国广播公司。21 September 2012.
19.”土库曼斯坦：专家被阻止出国”。人权观察。13 August 2015.
20.”土库曼斯坦：14岁儿童被禁止出国”。人权观察》。18 September 2015.
21.”联合国人权委员会》。Justice pour Tous Internationale。2024 年 9 月 5 日。
22.”United Nations：CCPR/C/141/D/3097/2018”.公民权利和政治权利国际公约》。2024 年 9 月 23 日。
23.”土库曼斯坦：纪念碑纪念前领导人的战马”。英国广播公司。2013 年 10 月 7 日。
24.”这个国家将国庆节献给马》。国家地理》。2018年4月30日。
25. “学会会员资格：1082648″。皇家地理学会。18 June 2015.
26.”古代线粒体基因组为中国阿哈尔捷克马的历史提供了新线索》。多学科数字出版研究所。 美国国家生物技术信息中心。2024 年 6 月 15 日。
27. “利益攸关方提交的关于土库曼斯坦的材料摘要》。联合国大会。2023 年 8 月 25 日。
* 署名 – Akhal-Teke 和线粒体基因组：
作者：朱思琦、张乃凡、张杰、邵欣悦、郭雅琪、蔡大伟（©2024）。”古代线粒体基因组为中国阿哈尔捷克马的历史提供新线索》。(武汉大学 | 吉林大学 | 新疆文物考古研究所 | 南安普顿大学）。授权方：MDPI，瑞士巴塞尔。所有新序列已存入 GenBank，登录号为OR067839和OR067840。
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